Buddhist Councils #JobTak

 Buddhist Councils || बौद्ध संगीतियां 

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╭─❀⊰╯प्रथम बौद्ध संगीति
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स्थान ➛ राजगृह (सप्तपर्णी गुफा)
समय ➛ 483 ई.पू.
अध्यक्ष ➛ महाकस्सप
शासनकाल ➛ अजातशत्रु (हर्यक वंश) के काल में ।
उद्देश्य ➛ बुद्ध के उपदेशों को दो पिटकों विनय पिटक तथा सुत्त पिटक में संकलित किया गया।

╭─❀⊰╯द्वितीय बौद्ध संगीति

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स्थान ➛ वैशाली
समय ➛ 383 ई.पू.
अध्यक्ष ➛ साबकमीर (सर्वकामनी)
शासनकाल ➛ कालाशोक (शिशुनाग वंश) के शासनकाल में।
उद्देश्य ➛ अनुशासन को लेकर मतभेद के समाधान के लिए बौद्ध धर्म स्थापित एवं महासांघिक दो भागों में बँट गया।

╭─❀⊰╯ तृतीय बौद्ध संगीति
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स्थान ➛ पाटलिपुत्र
समय ➛ 251 ई.पू.
अध्यक्ष ➛ मोग्गलिपुत्ततिस्स
शासनकाल ➛ अशोक (मौर्यवंश) के काल में।
उद्देश्य ➛ संघ भेद के विरुद्ध कठोर नियमों का प्रतिपादन करके बौद्ध धर्म को स्थायित्व प्रदान करने का प्रयत्न किया गया। धर्म ग्रन्थों का अंतिम रूप से सम्पादन किया गया तथा तीसरा पिटक अभिधम्मपिटक जोङा गया।

╭─❀⊰╯ चतुर्थ बौद्ध संगीति
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स्थान ➛ कश्मीर के कुण्डलवन
समय ➛ प्रथम शता. ई.
अध्यक्ष ➛ वसुमित्र
उपाध्यक्ष ➛ अश्वघोष
शासनकाल ➛ कनिष्क (कुषाण वंश) के काल में।
उद्देश्य ➛ बौद्ध धर्म का दो सम्प्रदायों हीनयान एवं महायान में विभाजन।

 

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The four major councils held in ancient India are the most historically recognized. 

Two later councils were held in Myanmar but are not universally recognized by all Buddhist traditions. 

 

First Buddhist Council (483 BCE)
      Location : Rajagriha (modern Rajgir, Bihar).
      Patron : King Ajatashatru of the Haryanka dynasty.
      President : The monk Mahakasyapa, with the support of Ananda and Upali, two of the Buddha's most prominent disciples.
      Objective : To preserve the purity of the Buddha's teachings and monastic rules immediately after his death (Mahaparinirvana).
      Outcome : The compilation of the first two "baskets" of the Pali Canon:
        Vinaya Pitaka : The monastic code and rules, recited by Upali.
        Sutta Pitaka : The Buddha's teachings and discourses, recited by Ananda. 

Second Buddhist Council (383 BCE)
      Location : Vaishali, Bihar.
      Patron : King Kalasoka of the Shishunaga dynasty.
      President : The monk Sabakami.
      Objective : To settle disputes regarding monastic discipline, specifically the "ten points" of lax practices followed by   monks in Vaishali.
      Outcome : A significant schism occurred within the Sangha.
        Sthaviravadins (Elders) : Advocated for strict adherence to the original teachings.
        Mahasanghikas (Great Community) : Favored a more liberal interpretation of the Vinaya. 

Third Buddhist Council (250 BCE)
        Location : Pataliputra (modern Patna), India.
        Patron : Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya dynasty.
       President : The monk Moggaliputta Tissa.
       Objective : To purge the Sangha of corruption and heretical views and purify the Dhamma.
        Outcome :
        The Sangha was purged of unvirtuous monks.
          The Abhidhamma Pitaka, dealing with Buddhist philosophy, was compiled and added to the Tripitaka.
          Ashoka sent missionaries (dhammadootas) to various countries to spread Buddhism. 

Fourth Buddhist Council (split into Theravada and Mahayana)
    The Fourth Council is recognized differently by the two main Buddhist schools, reflecting their doctrinal split. 

            Theravada Tradition                               

               Location : Tambapanni (present-day Sri Lanka).            

               Patron : King Vattagamani Abhaya.                            

               Year : 1st century BCE                                              

               Objective : To commit the Pali Canon to writing for the first time on palm leaves to preserve it from political       turmoil and the loss of the oral tradition.    

               Outcome : The transcription of the Pali Tripitaka. 

 

            Mahayana Tradition

                   Location : Kundalavana, Kashmir.

               Patron : King Kanishka of the Kushan dynasty.

               Year : 72 CE.

               Objective : To compile commentaries on the Sarvastivadin Abhidharma texts and address various doctrinal conflicts.
               Outcome : The compilation of the Mahavibhasa Sastra, an extensive commentary. The formal division of Buddhism into the Hinayana and Mahayana sects is also attributed to this council.
 

 

 

 Fifth Buddhist Council (1871 CE)
     Location : Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar).
     Objective : To recite and verify all the teachings of the Pali Canon, which were then inscribed on 729 marble slabs for permanent preservation.
     Recognition : Not widely recognized outside of Myanmar. 

Sixth Buddhist Council (1954–1956 CE)
     Location : Yangon, Burma (Myanmar).
     Objective : To commemorate the 2,500th anniversary of the Buddha's Mahaparinirvana and affirm the authenticity of the Theravada Buddhist teachings.
     Participants : Attended by monks from several countries